-> Any book when someone holds another person's face against the red-hot -> electric burner of a stove to make him talk is hard-boiled. Yes, -> American Tabloid is hard boiled. So, just nasty brutality makes for hard-boiled? So then does that put John Norman's Planet Gor novels in? To say nothing of the first hard-boiled book _The 1001 Nights of Sodom by de Sade! But that would leave out the likes of....well why list them? Most all of the fathers of hard-boiled. I would say that to be sure the above could very much be part of a HB story, BUT it does not have to be, and is not the main element. - # RARA-AVIS: To unsubscribe, say "unsubscribe rara-avis" # to majordomo@icomm.ca