On Tue, 7 Jan 1997, Bill Murray wrote: : It seems to me that it's a case of apples & oranges, depending on : what you mean by hardboiled. Based on the examples cited: Spade, : Hammer, Archer, etc. I take it that you equate hardboiled fiction : with detective fiction. No, by no means. I just wrote something trying to explain what I meant, but then deleted it. I'll try again. I've noticed a trend, especially in modern "crime fiction," to have open endings. Crime fiction is different from detective fiction, in that crimes take place but often aren't solved the way we usually see. In Elmore Leonard's books, say, you can have some gangsters or hoods pulling a heist or killing someone, but there doesn't have to be any detective racing around searching for clues. _Pulp Fiction_ is like this, too. I can't think of too many other examples, but you probably see what I mean. Crime fiction, as I define it, is a subset of the larger genre I might call Crime Fiction, which includes everything you mentioned. What I'd been musing about is that perhaps this difference is something that could be used as a rule of thumb to separate crime fiction from hardboiled (detective) fiction. Is Carl Hiaasen hardboiled? No. Does he write crime fiction? Yes. Detective stories, mysteries? No. Of course, he closes his endings off, so I'll have to ignore him. Is Elmore Leonard hardboiled? Is _Pulp Fiction_? I'd say no. It was pulpy, it had gangsters, maybe even some hardboiled characters (is there a parallel between Butch, the Bruce Willis character, and the boxer in _Red Harvest_?) but it itself wasn't hardboiled. Partly this was in an attempt to narrow down what hardboiled fiction (perhaps modern, hardboiled detective fiction) is. People say writers like Elmore Leonard are, but I don't think he fits these days - he's certainly no Mickey Spillane, but maybe that's something to be thankful for - and maybe these open endings are one way to point up that he doesn't. I'm probably still not making myself clear. It's late and I've been dealing with a stupid NT program that is supposed to help web browsers talk to databases. Maybe people can just ignore my attempt at explaining what I meant, and say if they think Elmore Leonard and writers like him qualify as hardboiled. Or, hell, bring up something new. :) Bill -- William Denton : buff@vex.net <-- Please note new address. Toronto, Canada <-- I'm not at io.org any more. http://www.vex.net/~buff/ Caveat lector. - # RARA-AVIS: To unsubscribe, say "unsubscribe rara-avis" # to majordomo@icomm.ca